Organizational structure is a system that abstracts how certain activities are directed in order to achieve the goals of an organization. these activities can include roles, responsibilities and rules.
What is the major difference between leadership and management? While many of you may think that manager is also a leader so, these two terms mean the same thing, but actually not. The terms “management” and “leadership” are often used interchangeably.
Travel and tourism industry is rapidly growing and jobs in this sector are becoming highly sought after. Having a career in this sector will offer you a huge range of interesting roles, such as the opportunity to travel and meeting new people.
Management skills are the abilities that a manager or leader should have. Management skills can be defined as a certain concept or abilities that an administrator should possess to fulfil specific tasks in an organization.
Management style is a specific way manager go about executing their goals. Management style regards the way that a manager plans, handles, make decisions, designate, and manages their staff.
MBO is defined as a management practise which aims to increase organizational performance by clearly defining the goals and subordinate objectives of the organization that are agreed to both management and employees.
Decision making is the judgment of the process by which one can choose between a number of alternative courses of action for the purpose of achieving goals.
Managerial decision making is synonymous with the whole process of management. It decides, what should be done? how should it be done? when and by whom should be done?
A decision may also be conceived as a conclusion that a manager has reached so as to know what he should do later on. It calls for both judgemental and imagination activity to select one from many alternatives, so decision making is an intellectual activity.
Decision Making
Types of decision making
There are many types of decision making. Some of the Importance types are-
Programmed and non-programmed decision.
Major and minor decision.
Routine and strategic decision.
Organizational and personal decision.
Individual and group decision.
Policy and operational decision.
Long-term, departmental, and non-economic decision.
Let’s elaborate on each type of decision making-
Programmed and non-programmed decisions
Programmed decisions are those that adhere to habits, rules, or procedures. Each organization has its own policies to streamline decision-making.
For instance, determining the salary of a new employee is not a concern as the organization typically follows a set salary scale for all positions.
While programmed decisions may limit our autonomy to some extent, they allow the organization rather than an individual to dictate actions.
Nevertheless, the policies, rules, and procedures guiding our decisions enable us to consider alternative solutions and focus on other, more critical tasks.
Non-programmed decisions, on the other hand, address unique problems. If an issue is not covered by existing policies or is of significant importance, it requires special treatment through non-programmed decision-making.
Some of the non-programmed decisions are –
How to allocate an organization’s resources.
What to do about failing product line.
How community relations should be improved will usually require non-programmed decisions.
2. Major and minor decision
Making the decision to purchase expensive equipment, such as purchasing a CNC is considered a major decision. The purchase of cheap equipment like a few reams of typing paper is a minor decision.Making major decisions requires careful consideration and analysis of the potential impact on the business, while minor decisions can often be made quickly and without much thought. It’s important for businesses to prioritize major decisions and allocate resources accordingly to ensure long-term success.
3. Routine and strategic decisions
Routine decisions are slightly similar to programmed decision making. Routine decisions are repetitive in nature, do not need any analysis and evaluation, are in the context of day to day operations of the enterprise, and can be made by middle management level.
Example: Sending a sample to a government investigation centre.
A strategic decision is related to the policy of the organization, are taken by high levels of management, it involves a large expenditure of fund. A slight mistake in decision making is injurious to the enterprise.
Example: capital expenditure decision, decision-related to pricing, etc.
4. Organizational and Personal decision
A manager makes organizational decisions on behalf of a company’s officer. This type of decision reflects the organization’s policy.
Personal decisions are the manager’s individual choice, not made as a representative of the organization. In other words, a manager’s personal decisions are based on their own preferences, beliefs, and values, rather than following a set policy or guideline set by the company. These decisions may not always align with the best interests of the organization, as they are made from a more personal perspective.
5. Individual and group decision
Individual decisions are taken by a single individual in the context of routine decisions according to the guideline of the organization. In contrast, strategic decisions are made collectively by a group of key stakeholders after thorough analysis and discussion. These decisions have a significant impact on the organization as a whole and require careful consideration of various factors such as market trends, competition, and long-term goals. Strategic decisions often involve a higher level of risk and uncertainty compared to routine decisions, making them critical to the success of the organization.
Group decisions are taken by conducting committee meetings for any specific purpose. Such decisions are very important for the organization. Committee meetings provide a platform for members to discuss, analyze, and deliberate on various issues before reaching a consensus. These decisions are crucial as they often impact the overall direction and success of the organization. By bringing together diverse perspectives and expertise, committee meetings help ensure that decisions are well-informed and considerate of different viewpoints. Additionally, they promote transparency and accountability within the organization, as decisions are made collectively rather than unilaterally. Overall, group decisions made through committee meetings play a vital role in driving the organization forward and achieving its goals.
6. policy and operative decisions
Policy decisions are critical, so they are taken by top management, it makes a long term impact, and mostly related to basic policies. The operative decision related to day to day operations of the enterprise and taken by low-level management. Operative decisions are crucial for the smooth functioning of the organization on a daily basis. They involve routine tasks, resource allocation, and problem-solving at the operational level.
These decisions are made by front-line managers who are directly involved in overseeing the day-to-day activities of the business. While policy decisions set the overall direction and guidelines for the organization, operative decisions ensure that these policies are implemented effectively and efficiently. Both types of decisions are essential for the success of the enterprise and must be made carefully to achieve the desired outcomes.
7. Long term, departmental and non-economic decision
Long term decisions are taken for a longer time period and the risk involves is high. In such scenarios, thorough analysis and strategic planning are crucial to navigate through uncertainties and potential challenges. It is imperative to consider various factors, anticipate market trends, and assess the long-term implications of each decision. While the risks may be higher, the rewards can also be substantial if the choices are well-informed and aligned with the overarching goals of the organization.
Departmental decisions are taken by the departmental head, related to a particular department. In most cases, the departmental head is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the department, setting goals and objectives, and making strategic decisions to ensure the department functions effectively. These decisions can range from budget allocations and resource management to staffing and project prioritization. The departmental head plays a crucial role in guiding the direction of the department and ensuring that it aligns with the overall goals and objectives of the organization.
The non-economic decision is related to factors such as technical values, moral behaviour, etc. Non-economic decisions often involve weighing the potential impact on society, the environment, or personal values. These decisions can be influenced by a variety of factors, including ethical considerations, social responsibility, and personal beliefs. Making a non-economic decision requires careful consideration of the potential consequences and a willingness to prioritize values over financial gain.
Is management is an art or science essay? Well, Management is an art of getting things done, management is a process so it is science also. It got properties of both art and science.
